Endometrial cancer, also known as uterine cancer, happens when cells in the endometrium (inner lining of the uterus) grow out of control. As the number of cells grow, they form a tumor. There are a few types of endometrial cancer:
Endometrial cancer that has spread from the endometrium to another part of the body is called metastatic cancer.
Fibroids are called tumors but they are not cancerous (benign).
Risk factors for endometrial cancer are being an older age, having a high estrogen level (either naturally or from an outside source), obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, hormone replacement therapy, family history of colon cancer or Lynch Syndrome (HNPCC), and a diet high in animal fat and low in fruits and vegetables.
In women with no family history of endometrial cancer, there are no screening guidelines. Women who have Lynch Syndrome (HNPCC), a family member with Lynch Syndrome, or who have a strong family history of colon cancer should get endometrial biopsies every year, starting at age 30-35.
The early and late stages of endometrial cancer can cause symptoms, like:
Keep in mind these symptoms are not specific to endometrial cancer and may be caused by something else.
The only way to know for sure if a tumor in the endometrium is cancer is to have a biopsy. This can be done in your provider’s office or in an operating room. Your provider will take a sample of cells to be looked at under a microscope. A pathology report goes over these results and is sent to your healthcare provider. This report is an important part of planning your treatment. You can ask for a copy of your report for your records.
A transvaginal ultrasound can also be used to help diagnose cancer. The thickness of the endometrium can be seen with ultrasound. If it appears too thick, cancer may be suspected and a biopsy is done to be sure.
Surgery is needed to stage endometrial cancer. Your provider may order more testing, such as a CT scan, MRI, chest X-ray, colonoscopy, barium enema or a blood test called CA-125, to see the extent of the cancer. Healthcare providers use two different staging systems for endometrial cancer, called the FIGO system and the TNM system. These systems describe:
Stages range from stage I (one) to stage IV (four), with a higher stage describing more advanced cancer.
Radiation therapy uses high-energy x-rays to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy:
This article is a basic guide to endometrial cancer. You can learn more about your type of endometrial cancer and treatment by using the links below.
Endometrial (Uterine) Cancer: Staging and Treatment
Surgical Procedures: Surgical Staging for Endometrial Cancer
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