- Cancer Types
Information about risk, prevention, screening, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and support for all cancers Cancer A to Z - Cancer Treatment
Cancer Treatment
Information about cancer treatment, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, clinical trials, proton therapy, complementary medicine, and cutting edge technologies.
- Risk and Prevention
- Cancer Drugs
- Support
Support
Ways for cancer patients and caregivers to cope with cancer, side effects, nutrition, general cancer support issues, grief/end of life issues, and shared survivor's experiences.
- Healthcare Professionals
- Clinical Trials
My Patient Treatment Binder
OncoLink Blogs
What's My Cancer Risk?
OncoPilot: Navigating Your Cancer Journey
Community Events Calendar
OncoLink eNews
Abramson Cancer CenterNCI CANCERLIT® Search: Esophageal Neoplasms - February 2002
National Cancer Institute®
Last Modified: February 1, 2002
Table of Contents
1
UI - 11745675
AU - Lam KY; Law S; Luk JM; Wong J
TI -
Oesophageal basaloid squamous cell carcinoma: a unique
clinicopathological entity with telomerase activity as a prognostic
indicator.
SO - J Pathol 2001 Nov;195(4):435-42
AD - Department of Pathology, University of Hong Kong Medical Centre, Queen
Mary Hospital, Hong Kong. akylam@hotmail.com
Oesophageal basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) is uncommon and has
been reported to have a worse prognosis than squamous cell carcinomas
(SCCs), but this tumour has not been fully characterized. The aim of the
present study was to analyse the clinicopathological features of a large
cohort of patients with oesophageal BSCC treated at a single
institution. The pathology of 756 primary oesophageal cancers treated
fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of BSCC were identified and were
compared with SCC. Their expression of MIB-1, DNA ploidy, and telomerase
activity were also studied. Thirty Chinese patients (25 men and five
women) with BSCC were found, comprising 4% of patients with oesophageal
cancer treated by surgical resection in the study period. Their median
age was 67 years (range 40-78 years). Dysphagia was usually the main
presenting symptom. Other concomitant malignant tumours were seen in
three patients and paraneoplastic glomerulopathy in one. Five tumours
were located in the upper third, 19 in the middle third, and six in the
lower third. The median length was 5.8 cm (range 2-12 cm). The median
MIB-1 score of BSCC was 750 (range 400-858) and was higher than that of
SCC (p=0.003). The primary tumour and metastatic BSCC were aneuploid, as
detected by flow cytometric analysis in nine patients. Telomerase
activity was positive in 95% (19 out of 20) of the cases analysed. The
5-year survival of patients with BSCC was 12%. Distant metastases were
seen in 53% (n=16); lung and liver were the most common sites. The
median survival of patients with tumours which had a high level of
telomerase activity was significantly shorter than those with low levels
of telomerase activity (1 vs. 27 months) (p=0.001). The median survival
of patients with BSCC and SCC was 26 and 16 months, respectively
(p=0.3). In conclusion, BSCC has distinctive clinicopathological
features and its long-term prognosis is no worse than SCC. The level of
telomerase activity may have a prognostic role. Copyright 2001 John
Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2
UI - 11521805
AU - Gallus S; La Vecchia C; Levi F; Simonato L; Dal Maso L; Franceschi S
TI -
Leanness and squamous cell oesophageal cancer.
SO - Ann Oncol 2001 Jul;12(7):975-9
AD - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Universita degli Studi
di Milano, Milan, Italy. gallus@marionegri.it
BACKGROUND: Squamous cell oesophageal cancer is one of the few neoplasms
inversely related to body mass index (BMI). However, it is not clear
whether this is due to cancer-related weight loss or to other correlates
of leanness. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 395 incident, histologically
confirmed cases of squamous cell oesophageal cancer and 1,066 controls,
admitted for acute, non-neoplastic diseases, in Italy and Switzerland.
Odds ratios (ORs) were derived from multiple logistic regression,
including terms for education, tobacco. alcohol, non-alcohol energy,
fruit and vegetable intake. RESULTS: The ORs for the lowest vs. the
highest quartile of BMI in the year before diagnosis were 2.0 in men,
1.6 in women, and 1.9 (95% confidence interval: 1.3-2.9) in both sexes
combined. The association with leanness was stronger in heavy smokers,
but was not accounted for by smoking and drinking, nor by differences in
diet. Weight change in the decade prior to diagnosis showed no linear
association with risk. However, cases were not leaner than controls at
age 30 (OR = 0.6 for the lowest BMI quartile) and 50 (OR = 1.1).
CONCLUSIONS: Leanness appears to be an indicator of squamous cell
oesophageal carcinogenesis. However, low BMI in the distant past was
unrelated to oesophageal cancer risk.
3
UI - 11778281
AU - Wang D; Zhang R; Sun K
TI -
[The digestive functions of the stomach after esophagectomy with vagus
nerve preserved or severed in esophageal cancer patients: a comparative
study]
SO - Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 2000 Sep;22(5):414-6
AD - Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Institute (Hospital), Chinese
Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
100021, China.
OBJECTIVE: To study the feasibility, indication, and clinical
significance of preserving the vagus nerve during esophagectomy for
patients with cancer of the esophagus. METHODS: The digestive functions
of the stomach were studied and compared before and after esophagectomy
in patients with vagus nerve intact (n = 11) or severed (n = 12).
RESULTS: According to Angorn's grading system, patients with vagus nerve
preserved (VNP) had less symptoms after operation than those with vagus
nerve severed (VNS). The gastric emptying time of the intrathoracic
stomach in patients with VNS was much prolonged compared with that in
patients with VNP. There was no significant difference in the
preoperative and postoperative mean basal gastric acid output and the
24-hour pH monitoring in patients with VNP, while in VNS patients they
were significantly decreased after operation. Fasting serum gastrin
level in VNS patients was significantly elevated but this was not
observed in VNP patients. Fibroptic endoscopic examination revealed
higher incidence of postoperative atrophic gastritis in VNS than in VNP
patients. CONCLUSION: Preservation of the vagal trunks during surgical
resection for cancer of the esophagus is beneficial to keep the
postoperative digestive functions of the stomach in a better condition.
4
UI - 11816477
AU - Nara S; Konishi T
TI -
[Critical path for esophagectomy of esophageal cancer]
SO - Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 2002 Jan;29(1):45-53
AD - Department of Surgery, NTT Kanto Medical Center, 5-9-22 Higashi-gotanda,
Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-8625, Japan.
We have introduced a critical path for esophagectomy of esophageal
cancer from January, 2001 and got good results. It is important of the
adaptation and the evaluation of variances for the critical path.
Patients and co-medicals understood deeply the disease and the treatment
of esophageal cancer. We could improvement the process of treatments by
changing the critical path easily. We concluded that a critical path was
adapted for esophagectomy of esophageal cancer, and it will be getting
important.
5
UI - 11601573
AU - Kawai KI; Kakibuchi M; Sakagami M; Fujimoto J; Toyosaka A; Nakai K
TI -
Supercharged gastric tube pull-up procedure for total esophageal
reconstruction.
SO - Ann Plast Surg 2001 Oct;47(4):390-3
AD - Department of Otolaryngology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Japan.
Total esophageal reconstruction using a gastric tube is complicated
because it sometimes causes postoperative complications such as
anastomotic leakage, stenosis, or fistula formation resulting from
insufficient blood flow at the distal end. To overcome this problem,
during the past 5 years the authors performed seven additional
microvascular anastomoses using the short gastric vessels of the gastric
tube. No postoperative complications occurred except partial tracheal
necrosis in 1 patient. Postoperative radiographic examination showed no
reflux or stasis in all patients, and no evidence of necrosis at the
anastomotic site of the pulled-up gastric tube was observed by
postoperative endoscopy. This technique reduces risk and may contribute
to the successful reconstruction of the digestive tract after total
esophagectomy.
6
UI - 11776621
AU - Zhou B; Ding Z; Guo L
TI -
[Prediction of the outcome of dysplasia of esophageal epithelium by high
resolution image analysis]
SO - Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 1999 Nov;21(6):439-43
AD - Cancer Institute (Hospital), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking
Union Medical College, Beijing 100021.
OBJECTIVE: To predict the outcome of dysplasia of esophageal epithelium
by means of high resolution image analysis(HRIA). METHODS: Asymptomatic
adults were examined for balloon cytology of the esophagus in 1983 from
Heshun Commune of Linxian County. Ninety three cases of severe dysplasia
and 122 cases of mild dysplasia of the esophagus were selected for this
study. By means of an Axiomat-microscope equipped with TV-camera, 100
normal nuclei of well-preserved cells in the intermediate layer of
Pap-stained squamous epithelium were randomly examined. RESULTS: Of the
93 cytologically diagnosed severe dysplasia cases, 24, 14 and 7
progressed to carcinoma in 3, 5 and 9 years, respectively. In the other
48 cases, dysplasia remained stable or regressed to normal. The other
cases were used as the control. According to chromatin features, correct
diagnosis of cases was achieved by HRIA in 75.0%(18/24), 85.7%(12/14)
and 85.7%(6/7) of the cases examined, respectively (P < 0.001). Of the
122 cytologically diagnosed mild dysplasia, 16, 13 and 12 cases
progressed to carcinoma in 3, 5 and 9 years, respectively. The other 81
cases remained stable or regressed to normal. Correct diagnosis was made
by HRIA in 93.8%(15/16), 76.9%(10/13) and 83.3%(10/12) of the cases
examined, respectively (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Chromatin nuclear
features examined by HRIA can predict the outcome of precancerous
lesions and discriminate progressor from non-progressor ones. It can be
used as surrogate endpoint biomarkers for the evaluation of efficacy of
chemoprevention trial.
7
UI - 11776631
AU - Gao Y; Wang L; Zhang D
TI -
[Surgical treatment of esophageal leiomyosarcoma: a review of the
literature and report of 11 cases]
SO - Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 1999 Nov;21(6):470-2
AD - Cancer Hospital (Institate), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking
Union Medical College, Beijing 100021.
OBJECTIVE: To discuss the clinical biocharacteristics, diagnosis,
operation and prognosis of esophageal leiomyosarcoma (ELS). METHODS:
Clinical materials and follow-up results of 11 surgically treated ELS
patients were analyzed. RESULTS: All 11 cases received radical resection
of tumor. The 5-year survival rate was 54.5% (6/11). Grossly, two types
of ELS were observed: the polyp form (4 cases) and invasive form (7
cases). The 5-year survival rate was 75.0% and 42.9%, respectively. Two
patients died of local recurrence, another 2 cases died of distant
metastasis. CONCLUSION: In patients with ELS surgically treated,
prognosis of polyp form ELS is better than that of invasive form ELS.
Local recurrence and distant metastasis are the major cause of death.
8
UI - 11773357
AU - Tobias JS
TI -
Treatment of oesophageal cancer.
SO - J R Soc Med 2002 Jan;95(1):55
9
UI - 11808955
AU - Netzer P; Inauen W
TI -
Timing of bile and acid reflux into the esophagus.
SO - Am J Gastroenterol 2002 Jan;97(1):207
10
UI - 11808965
AU - Farhadi A; Fields J; Banan A; Keshavarzian A
TI -
Reactive oxygen species: are they involved in the pathogenesis of GERD,
Barrett's esophagus, and the latter's progression toward esophageal
cancer?
SO - Am J Gastroenterol 2002 Jan;97(1):22-6
AD - Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago,
Illinois 60612, USA.
11
UI - 11801940
AU - Watanabe A; Kawabori S; Osanai H; Taniguchi M; Hosokawa M
TI -
Preoperative computed tomography diagnosis of non-recurrent inferior
laryngeal nerve.
SO - Laryngoscope 2001 Oct;111(10):1756-9
AD - Department of Otolaryngology, Keiyukai Sapporo Hospital, Sapporo,
Hokkaido, Japan. akihito-watanabe@hokkaido.med.or.jp
OBJECTIVE: The non-recurrent inferior laryngeal nerve (NRILN) is a nerve
anomaly that is associated with the developmentally aberrant subclavian
artery. Thus, it is possible to predict NRILN by preoperative diagnosis
of an aberrant subclavian artery. Preoperative recognition of the NRILN
should be advantageous in the prevention of intraoperative nerve damage.
The purpose of this study was to assess the possibility of diagnosis of
an aberrant subclavian artery by computed tomography (CT) of the neck,
which is often performed before thyroid surgery. METHODS: We
retrospectively studied the preoperative CT films from 594 thyroid or
patients, and a right recurrent inferior laryngeal nerve (RILN) was
observed in 588 of these patients. We evaluated whether the
brachiocephalic artery could be identified on the CT scan and classified
the positional relationship between the right subclavian artery and the
tracheoesophagus into three types. RESULTS: The brachiocephalic artery
was identified on the CT films in 158 cases, all of which were cases of
RILN. The right subclavian artery was detected on the ventral side of
the membranous wall of the trachea in all 588 RILN cases, whereas it was
detected on the dorsal side in all 6 NRILN cases. CONCLUSIONS: It was
possible to predict an aberrant subclavian artery by identifying the
brachiocephalic artery and position of the right subclavian artery on
the CT film of the neck. When an anomaly of the subclavian artery is
thus preoperatively detected, NRILN can be preoperatively predicted,
which likely will enable prevention of vocal cord paralysis.
12
UI - 11677937
AU - Monig SP; Schroder W; Beckurts KT; Holscher AH
TI -
Classification, diagnosis and surgical treatment of carcinomas of the
gastroesophageal junction.
SO - Hepatogastroenterology 2001 Sep-Oct;48(41):1231-7
AD - Department of Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University of Cologne,
Joseph-Stelzmann Str. 9, 50924 Cologne, Germany.
The incidence of adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction has
risen faster than that of any other malignancy in various western
countries. Adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction can be
topographically classified into three types: carcinomas of the distal
esophagus (type I), true carcinomas of the cardia (type II) and
carcinomas of the subcardial region (type III). This surgical
classification has proven to be of value for planning the extent of
resection and for comparing epidemiologic data and therapeutic results
of different series. The preoperative assignment is achieved by contrast
X-ray and endoscopy and enables the surgeon to plan preoperatively the
adequate extent of the resection. The type I-adenocarcinoma represents a
distal esophageal cancer and consequently is treated by esophageal
resection as transhiatal subtotal radical esophagectomy or in case of
more proximal carcinoma by transthoracic en bloc esophagectomy. The type
II- and type III-adenocarcinomas are treated by a gastrectomy and distal
esophageal resection with D2-lymphadenectomy via an abdominal and
transhiatal approach. In case of an advanced carcinoma with high risk of
incomplete resection, neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy should be taken into
consideration.
13
UI - 11677965
AU - Kubota K; Kato H; Tachimori Y; Watanabe H; Yamaguchi H; Nakanishi Y;
TI -
Iinuma G
Surgical therapy for recurrent esophageal cancers at anastomoses after
esophagectomy.
SO - Hepatogastroenterology 2001 Sep-Oct;48(41):1364-7
AD - Department of Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tsukiji 5-1-1,
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
BACKGROUND/AIMS: The long-term prognosis of a recurrent esophageal
cancer at the anastomosis after esophagectomy is generally unfavorable.
We have experienced six cases in our institute where surgical treatment
resulted in a good prognosis. METHODOLOGY: Between 1962 and 1997, 1720
patients underwent esophagectomy for esophageal cancers in our
institute. Anastomotic recurrence was identified in 13 and surgical
therapy was performed for six of these. Their clinical and
histopathological features were examined with reference to control of
anastomotic recurrent esophageal cancers. RESULTS: The six patients were
all males with an average age of 61.5 years. Their median disease-free
interval was 5.5 months. Three patients lived more than five years after
the first esophagectomy. Histopathologically, regional lymph node
metastases were found in four of the cases and cervical lymph node
metastases were detected in two at the initial esophagectomy. Vessel
invasion was evident in three cases, intraepithelial spread in one, and
multiple cancers in two. There were no cases with intramural metastasis.
Radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy were added for three cases.
CONCLUSIONS: After esophagectomy for esophageal cancers, frequent
examination of the anastomotic site using endoscopy and long-term
follow-up studies are desirable. The option of surgery should not be
ignored when a recurrent cancer appears only at the anastomosis.
14
UI - 11781277
AU - Dulai GS; Guha S; Kahn KL; Gornbein J; Weinstein WM
TI -
Preoperative prevalence of Barrett's esophagus in esophageal
adenocarcinoma: a systematic review.
SO - Gastroenterology 2002 Jan;122(1):26-33
AD - Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine,
UCLA School of Medicine, CURE Digestive Diseases Research Center, Los
Angeles, California 90073, USA.
BACKGROUND & AIMS: The public health impact of past screening and
surveillance practices on the outcomes of Barrett's related cancers has
not previously been quantified. Our purpose was to determine the prior
prevalence of Barrett's esophagus in reported cases of incident
adenocarcinoma undergoing resection, as an indirect measure of impact.
METHODS: We performed a systematic review of the literature from 1966 to
2000. Studies were included if they reported: (1) the number of
consecutive adenocarcinomas resected, and (2) the number of those
resected who had a previously known diagnosis of Barrett's. We generated
summary estimates using a random effects model. RESULTS: We identified
and reviewed 752 studies. Twelve studies representing a total of 1503
unique cases of resected adenocarcinomas met inclusion criteria. Using a
random effects model, the overall percentage of patients undergoing
resection who had a prior diagnosis of Barrett's was 4.7% +/- 2.9%.
CONCLUSIONS: The low prior prevalence (approximately 5%) of Barrett's
esophagus in this study population provides indirect evidence to suggest
that recent efforts to identify patients with Barrett's-whether through
endoscopic screening or evaluation of symptomatic patients-have had
minimal public health impact on esophageal adenocarcinoma outcomes. The
potential benefits of endoscopic surveillance seem to have been limited
to only a fraction of those individuals at risk. These data thus provide
a clear and compelling rationale for the development of effective
screening strategies to identify patients with Barrett's esophagus.
15
UI - 11082084
AU - Macdonald CE; Wicks AC; Playford RJ
TI -
Final results from 10 year cohort of patients undergoing surveillance
for Barrett's oesophagus: observational study.
SO - BMJ 2000 Nov 18;321(7271):1252-5
AD - Leicester General Hospital NHS Trust, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK.
OBJECTIVES: To review the benefit of an endoscopic surveillance
programme for patients with Barrett's oesophagus. DESIGN: Observational
study. SETTING: University teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS: 409 patients
in whom Barrett's oesophagus was identified during 1984-94; 143 were
entered into the annual surveillance programme. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
Development of dysplasia and cancer and mortality. RESULTS: The average
period of surveillance was 4.4 years; 55 patients were reassessed in
1994 but only eight remained in the programme in 1999, withdrawal being
due to death (not from carcinoma of the oesophagus), illness, or
frailty. Five of the patients who entered surveillance developed
carcinoma of the oesophagus. Only one cancer was identified as a result
of a surveillance endoscopy, the others being detected during endoscopy
to investigate altered symptoms. Of the 266 patients who were not
suitable for surveillance, one died from oesophageal cancer and 103 from
other causes. Surveillance has resulted in 745 endoscopies and about
3000 biopsy specimens. CONCLUSION: The current surveillance strategy has
limited value, and it may be appropriate to restrict surveillance to
patients with additional risk factors such as stricture, ulcer, or long
segment (>80 mm) Barrett's oesophagus.
16
UI - 11360913
AU - Eksteen JA; Jankowski JA
TI -
Surveillance for Barrett's oesophagus. The conundrum of
Barrett's oesophagus is changing.
SO - BMJ 2001 May 5;322(7294):1124-5; discussion 1126
17
UI - 11360914
AU - Beales IL
TI -
Surveillance for Barrett's oesophagus. Appropriate practice must be
studied.
SO - BMJ 2001 May 5;322(7294):1125-6
18
UI - 11360915
AU - Wild CP; Forman D
TI -
Surveillance for Barrett's oesophagus. It is too early to
dismiss surveillance programmes.
SO - BMJ 2001 May 5;322(7294):1125; discussion 1126
19
UI - 11360916
AU - Carr RA
TI -
Surveillance for Barrett's oesophagus. Patients need to be appropriately
selected for follow up.
SO - BMJ 2001 May 5;322(7294):1125; discussion 1126
20
UI - 11693893
AU - Cohen EE; Vokes EE
TI -
Esophageal cancer therapy: a decade of inertia.
SO - Cancer J 2001 Sep-Oct;7(5):369-71
AD - University of Chicago, Department of Medicine, Illinois, USA.
21
UI - 11693897
AU - Gaspar LE; Winter K; Kocha WI; Pinover WH; Herskovic; Graham M;
TI -
Gunderson L
Swallowing function and weight change observed in a phase I/II study of
external-beam radiation, brachytherapy and concurrent chemotherapy in
localized cancer of the esophagus (RTOG 9207).
SO - Cancer J 2001 Sep-Oct;7(5):388-94
AD - University of Colorado, Denver, USA.
BACKGROUND: A multi-institutional, prospective study was designed to
determine the feasibility and tolerance of combined-modality
chemotherapy, external-beam irradiation, and esophageal brachytherapy in
a potentially curable group of patients with adenocarcinoma or squamous
cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Swallowing function and weight were
assessed before and after treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Planned
treatment was with 50 Gy of external-beam irradiation (25 fractions/5
weeks) followed 2 weeks later by esophageal brachytherapy (either a high
dose rate of 5 Gy at weeks 8, 9, and 10 for a total of 15 Gy or a low
dose rate of 20 Gy at week 8). Chemotherapy was given weeks 1, 5, 8, and
11 with cisplatinum, 75 mg/m2, and 5-fluorouracil, 1,000 mg/m2/24 hours
in a 96-hour infusion. Swallowing was graded from 0 (no dysphagia) to 4
(complete obstruction for solids and liquids). Weight "loss" or weight
gain was defined as a change in 3-month post- to pretherapy weight of <
or = 5% or > 5%, respectively. RESULTS: The estimated survival rate at 1
and 2 years was 49% and 31%, respectively, and the estimated median
survival was 11 months. Swallowing before treatment was graded as grade
1 in 14 patients, grade 2 in 22 patients, grade 3 in nine patients, and
grade 4 in four patients. Swallowing grade after treatment was reported
as improved in 29 patients (59%), unchanged in 12 patients (24.5%), and
worse in eight patients (16.5%). The bestimproved dysphagia score after
treatment in the 29 patients reporting improvement was grade 0 in 19
patients, grade 1 in five patients, grade 2 in four patients, and grade
3 in one patient. A posttreatment weight in 42 evaluable patients was
categorized as a loss in 29 patients (69%), a gain in four patients
(9.5%), and stable in nine patients (21.5%). Weight loss was
significantly correlated with high swallowing grade, low performance
status, and absence of a feeding tube. CONCLUSIONS: Swallowing function
after brachytherapy and concurrent chemoradiation therapy is
satisfactory in most surviving patients. Ninety-two percent of patients
were able to swallow at least liquids at some point after therapy.
Future plans are to compare this with other cooperative group studies
that utilized chemoradiation or surgery, without brachytherapy.
22
UI - 11782570
AU - Giroux MA; Audrezet MP; Metges JP; Lozac'h P; Volant A; Nousbaum JB;
TI -
Labat JP; Gouerou H; Ferec C; Robaszkiewicz M
Infrequent p16/CDKN2 alterations in squamous cell carcinoma of the
oesophagus.
SO - Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002 Jan;14(1):15-8
AD - Service d'Hepatogastroenterologie, Hopital de La Cavale Blanche, Brest,
France.
Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosome 9 and p16 (MTS1/CDKN2) gene
mutations have been reported in various human cancers. The present study
aimed to determine the prevalence of LOH in 100 oesophageal squamous
cell carcinomas (OSCCs) by typing microsatellite loci and mutations of
the p16 gene. The methods used included denaturing gradient gel
electrophoresis (DGGE) and DNA sequencing of exon 2. LOH was found in
14.7% of the OSCC cases. Six gene alterations were identified in exon 2.
They consisted of three deletions and the same polymorphism in three
samples. The relatively low rate of p16 mutation compared with the
frequency of LOH suggests the possible involvement of another tumour
suppressor gene located on chromosome 9 in oesophageal carcinogenesis.
23
UI - 11714113
AU - Abnet CC; Qiao YL; Mark SD; Dong ZW; Taylor PR; Dawsey SM
TI -
Prospective study of tooth loss and incident esophageal and gastric
cancers in China.
SO - Cancer Causes Control 2001 Nov;12(9):847-54
AD - Cancer Prevention Studies Branch, Division of Clinical Sciences,
National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-7058, USA.
abnetc@mail.nih.gov
OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between tooth loss and the risk
of developing esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, gastric cardia
adenocarcinoma, or gastric non-cardia adenocarcinoma in a prospective
study. METHODS: Cox proportional hazards regression was used to examine
these associations in a 28,868-person cohort followed prospectively for
5.25 years. The baseline questionnaire included questions regarding
tooth loss, and individuals reporting lost teeth had their teeth counted
by study personnel. The analytic cohort included 620 esophagus, 431
gastric cardia, and 102 gastric non-cardia cancer cases. RESULTS: Tooth
loss was associated with a significantly elevated risk of developing all
three cancers. When examined as median splits, tooth loss was associated
with a relative risk (RR) (95% confidence interval, CI) of 1.3 (1.1-1.6)
in the esophagus, 1.3 (1.0-1.6) in the gastric cardia, and 1.8 (1.1-3.0)
in the gastric non-cardia. Further analysis demonstrated that this
increased risk was most strongly associated with the loss of the first
few teeth and was primarily confined to the younger members of our
cohort. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort tooth loss increased the risk of
developing upper gastrointestinal cancer. We hypothesize that this may
be related to alterations in oral bacterial flora and subsequent
increases in the in-vivo production of carcinogens such as nitrosamines.
24
UI - 11788564
AU - Spencer GM; Thorpe SM; Blackman GM; Solano J; Tobias JS; Lovat LB; Bown
TI -
SG
Laser augmented by brachytherapy versus laser alone in the palliation of
adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus and cardia: a randomised study.
SO - Gut 2002 Feb;50(2):224-7
AD - National Medical Laser Centre, Institute of Surgical Studies, Royal Free
and University College Medical School, London, UK.
BACKGROUND: Many patients with advanced malignant dysphagia are not
suitable for definitive treatment. The best option for palliation of
dysphagia varies between patients. This paper looks at a simple
technique for enhancing laser recanalisation. AIM: To assess the value
of adjunctive brachytherapy in prolonging palliation of malignant
dysphagia by endoscopic laser therapy. PATIENTS: Twenty two patients
with advanced malignant dysphagia due to adenocarcinoma of the
oesophagus or gastric cardia, unsuitable for surgery or radical
chemoradiotherapy. METHODS: Patients able to eat a soft diet after laser
recanalisation were randomised to no further therapy or a single
treatment with brachytherapy (10 Gy). Results were judged on the quality
and duration of dysphagia palliation, need for subsequent intervention,
complications, and survival. RESULTS: The median dysphagia score for all
patients two weeks after initial treatment was 1 (some solids). The
median dysphagia palliated interval from the end of initial treatment to
recurrent dysphagia or death increased from five weeks (control group)
to 19 weeks (brachytherapy group). Three patients had some odynophagia
for up to six weeks after brachytherapy. There was no other treatment
related morbidity or mortality. Further intervention was required in 10
of 11 control patients (median five further procedures) compared with
7/11 brachytherapy patients (median two further procedures). There was
no difference in survival (median 20 weeks (control), 26 weeks
(brachytherapy)). CONCLUSIONS: Laser therapy followed by brachytherapy
is a safe, straightforward, and effective option for palliating advanced
malignant dysphagia, which is complementary to stent insertion.
25
UI - 11569925
AU - Shiraishi J; Utsuyama M; Akashi T; Nemoto T; Ohashi K; Akamatsu H;
TI -
Sunamori M; Kitagawa M; Hirokawa K
Immunohistological analysis of thymoma by molecules differentially
expressed in the thymic cortex and medulla, and its application in the
differential diagnosis of thymoma from esophageal and lung cancer.
SO - Pathol Res Pract 2001;197(9):611-9
AD - Department of Pathology and Immunology, Tokyo Medical and Dental
University Graduate School, Japan.
The purpose of this study was to verify the WHO classification of thymic
tumors using immunohistological methods, and to discover whether these
methods can be applied to differentiate thymoma from squamous cell
carcinoma (SCC) of the esophagus and the lung. Twenty-nine thymoma cases
were classified according to WHO and were then immunohistologically
examined for the positivity of these molecules. All thymoma cases
investigated in this study were positive for IL-1R, and most of them
were also positive for bek. In contrast, UH-1 was highly positive in B1
and B2 type thymomas, but negative or weakly positive in A, AB and B3
type thymomas. Twelve esophageal cancers and 21 lung cancers were also
examined for the positivity of the same molecules. All esophageal
cancers were negative for UH-1. Three of 12 cases were weakly positive
for IL-1R, and four of these 12 cases were also weakly positive for bek.
Twelve of 21 lung cancer cases were adenocarcinomas, all of them
negative for IL-1R, bek and UH-1. Nine of 21 lung cancer cases were
SCCs, all of them negative for UH-1. Eight of nine SCC cases were
strongly positive for IL-1R, while seven of these were weakly positive
for bek. We conclude that the WHO classification of thymic tumors is
still valid as demonstrated by immunohistological analysis and that the
positivity of UH-1, IL- 1R and bek might be helpful in differentiating
thymoma from SCC of the esophagus and the lung.
26
UI - 11778747
AU - Makuuchi H
TI -
Endoscopic mucosal resection for mucosal cancer in the esophagus.
SO - Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2001 Jul;11(3):445-58
AD - Department of Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Boseidai,
Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan. makuuchi@is.icc.u-tokai.ac.jp
Endoscopic mucosal resection of the esophagus was found to be safe and
easy to perform. Efforts must be made to detect early m1 to m2 cancers,
which are indicated for EEMR. It is necessary to perform periodic
endoscopic examination. During endoscopic examination, it is important
to wash the inside of the esophagus with water and perform careful
observation. Also, in high-risk patients and patients with
abnormalities, such as erythema, turbidity, or hypervascularity, iodine
staining should be performed frequently. Patients at high risk for
esophageal cancer include (1) men more than 55 years old who are heavy
smokers and drinkers; (2) patients with cancer of the head and neck
region; and (3) individuals with a family history of cancer and those
with achalasia, corrosive esophagitis, or Barrett's esophagus.
27
UI - 11778748
AU - Inoue H
TI -
Endoscopic mucosal resection for the entire gastrointestinal mucosal
lesions.
SO - Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2001 Jul;11(3):459-78
AD - Department of Gastroenterology, Showa Northern Yokohama Hospital School
of Medicine, Showa University, Japan. haru.inoue@med.showa-u.ac.jp
In general, mucosal cancer of the gastrointestinal tract has the lowest
risk of lymph node metastasis, and is curatively managed by the EMR
procedure.
28
UI - 11778749
AU - Nwakakwa V; Fleischer D
TI -
Endoscopic mucosal resection of the esophagus: band ligation technique.
SO - Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2001 Jul;11(3):479-88, vi
AD - Division of Gastroenterology, Georgetown University Medical Center,
Washington, DC 20007, USA.
Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is a minimally invasive endoscopic
technique used in treating superficial cancers of premalignant lesions
in the gastrointestinal tract. An attraction of this technique is that
it can be curative with low morbidity, often providing the entire lesion
for pathologic evaluation. The band ligation technique of EMR uses the
existing technology of variceal band ligation to endoscopically place a
band on flat mucosal lesions of the gastrointestinal tract to create a
"pseudopolyp" before resection with an electrocautery snare. The band
ligating technique and two variant band ligating devices are described.
29
UI - 11761814
AU - Kozuszko B; Skrzydlewski Z; Sulkowska M; Snarska J; Kozlowski M;
TI -
Skrzydlewska E; Zalewski B
[Cancer procoagulant activity in cases of esophageal, stomach and
colorectal cancer considering progression degree and histological type
of cancer]
SO - Pol Merkuriusz Lek 2001 Sep;11(63):218-20
AD - Bialostocki Osrodek Onkologiczny, Akademia Medyczna w Bialymstoku.
The cancer procoagulant activity has been evaluated in homogenates of
esophagal, stomach and colorectal cancer tissues and in the blood serum
of patients with these neoplasms's. Activity of CP was significantly
higher in examined material than in control. The correlation between CP
activity and progression degree as well as histological type was
affirmed. The higher activity of CP in homogenates as well as in serum
was observed in cases with higher degree of clinical progression and
smaller activity of this enzyme corresponded with lower degree of the
cancer progression. The highest activity of CP was observed in the cases
of adenocarcinoma whereas the lowest in cases of squamous cell
carcinoma. Higher activity of CP in homogenates of examined tissues
correlated with higher activity of this enzyme in the serum. Activity of
CP depended on the tissue localisation of the cancer and the highest was
in the cases of stomach cancers whereas the lowest was in the cases of
esophagal cancer.
30
UI - 11756219
AU - Nakakuki K; Imoto I; Pimkhaokham A; Fukuda Y; Shimada Y; Imamura M;
TI -
Amagasa T; Inazawa J
Novel targets for the 18p11.3 amplification frequently observed in
esophageal squamous cell carcinomas.
SO - Carcinogenesis 2002 Jan;23(1):19-24
AD - Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo
Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
Amplification of DNA in certain chromosomal regions, with consequent
over-expression of specific genes within these amplicons, plays a
crucial role in the development and progression of human cancer. Since
our previous comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) study revealed
frequent amplifications at 18p in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas
(ESC) cell lines, we focused on the identification of genetic target(s)
within the 18p amplicon. In four cell lines having remarkable
copy-number amplification with homogeneously staining region (HSR)
pattern by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), the smallest
common region of overlapping covered approximately 3.5 Mb at 18p11.3. We
screened 29 ESC cell lines to discern amplifications and expression
levels of 14 known genes and 21 uncharacterized transcripts within the
amplicon. Only four known genes, YES1, TYMS, HEC and TGIF showed
amplification and consequent over-expression. These genes were amplified
in several of primary ESCs. Moreover, resistance to transforming growth
factor beta (TGFbeta)-induced growth inhibition was enhanced in four
cell lines with amplification and expression of TGIF, which encodes the
repressor for TGFbeta-activated transcription, appears to be involved in
the progression of ESC. Taken together, these results suggest that YES1,
TYMS, HEC and TGIF are likely to be candidate targets for 18p11.3
amplification and be associated with esophageal tumorigenesis.
31
UI - 11821953
AU - Li M; Song S; Lippman SM; Zhang XK; Liu X; Lotan R; Xu XC
TI -
Induction of retinoic acid receptor-beta suppresses cyclooxygenase-2
expression in esophageal cancer cells.
SO - Oncogene 2002 Jan 17;21(3):411-8
AD - Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas M.D.
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, TX 77030, USA.
Since retinoic acid receptor (RAR)-beta mRNA is frequently lost during
esophageal carcinogenesis and esophageal cancer cells that do not
express RAR-beta are resistant to retinoic acid (RA), we stably
transfected RAR-beta expression vector into an esophageal cancer cell
line TE-8 and an antisense RAR-beta into TE-3 cells. Transfection of
RAR-beta decreased cell growth and colony formation and induced
apoptosis in TE-8 cells. Antisense RAR-beta-transfected TE-3 cells had a
shorter doubling time and became resistant to RA. Induction of RAR-beta
decreased COX-2 expression in RAR-beta transfected TE-8 cells, whereas
antisense RAR-beta transfected TE-3 cells increased COX-2 expression.
The inhibitory effect of RAR-beta on COX-2 expression was further
enhanced in the presence of RA, which was blocked by an RAR antagonist.
The synthetic retinoid N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide, which does not
bind effectively to RAR-beta, had no effect on COX-2 suppression.
Furthermore, RA blocked bile acid-induced COX-2 expression and
prostaglandin E(2) production only in the RAR-beta positive cells. Our
data demonstrated that anticancer effect of RAR-beta may be related to
its ability to suppress COX-2 expression and support that the loss of
RAR-beta expression may contribute to esophageal carcinogenesis.
32
UI - 11821959
AU - Selaru FM; Zou T; Xu Y; Shustova V; Yin J; Mori Y; Sato F; Wang S; Olaru
TI -
A; Shibata D; Greenwald BD; Krasna MJ; Abraham JM; Meltzer SJ
Global gene expression profiling in Barrett's esophagus and esophageal
cancer: a comparative analysis using cDNA microarrays.
SO - Oncogene 2002 Jan 17;21(3):475-8
AD - Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Greenebaum Cancer
Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore VA
Hospital, MD 21201, USA.
In order to identify and contrast global gene expression profiles
defining the premalignant syndrome, Barrett's esophagus, as well as
frank esophageal cancer, we utilized cDNA microarray technology in
conjunction with bioinformatics tools. We hybridized microarrays, each
containing 8000 cDNA clones, to RNAs extracted from 13 esophageal
surgical or endoscopic biopsy specimens (seven Barrett's metaplasias and
six esophageal carcinomas). Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed
on these results and displayed using a color-coded graphic
representation (Treeview). The esophageal samples clustered naturally
into two principal groups, each possessing unique global gene expression
profiles. After retrieving histologic reports for these tissues, we
found that one main cluster contained all seven Barrett's samples, while
the remaining principal cluster comprised the six esophageal cancers.
The cancers also clustered according to histopathological subtype. Thus,
squamous cell carcinomas (SCCAs) constituted one group, adenocarcinomas
(ADCAs) clustered separately, and one signet-ring carcinoma was in its
own cluster, distinct from the ADCA cluster. We conclude that cDNA
microarrays and bioinformatics show promise in the classification of
esophageal malignant and premalignant diseases, and that these methods
can be applied to small biopsy samples.
33
UI - 11720435
AU - Ryan BM; McManus R; Daly JS; Carton E; Keeling PW; Reynolds JV; Kelleher
TI -
D
A common p73 polymorphism is associated with a reduced incidence of
oesophageal carcinoma.
SO - Br J Cancer 2001 Nov 16;85(10):1499-503
AD - Department of Clinical Medicine and Gastroenterology, St. James's
Hospital and Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland.
The incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma is rising; to date, no
susceptibility genes have been identified. p73, a novel p53 homologue,
maps to chromosome 1p36, a region commonly deleted in oesophageal
cancers. p73 shares some p53-like activity, but in addition, may also
play a role in gastrointestinal epithelial inflammatory responses. A
non-coding p73 polymorphism (denoted AT or GC) may be functionally
significant. We investigated whether this polymorphism might play a role
in the aetiopathogenesis of oesophageal cancer. This was a case-control,
retrospective study. 84 cases of oesophageal cancer (25 squamous and 59
adenocarcinoma) and 152 normal population controls were genotyped for
this polymorphism. Informative cases were examined for p73 LOH within
the tumour. AT/AT homozygotes were significantly less prevalent in the
oesophageal cancer population (1/84 = 1.2%) compared to controls (15/152
= 9.9%) (P < 0.02), corresponding to an odds ratio of 0.11 (95% C.I.
0.02-0.6, P < 0.02), or 9-fold reduced risk. Moreover, AT/AT homozygotes
were significantly less frequent in the cancer population than would be
expected under the Hardy-Weinberg hypothesis (P = 0.0099). LOH at the
p73 locus was observed in 37.8% (14/37) of the AT/GC heterozygotes
studied; in all cases there was loss of the AT allele. Our findings
indicate that p73 AT/AT homozygotes appear to be protected against the
development of oesophageal cance
Cancer Types
Bone Cancer
Brain Tumors
Breast Cancer
Carcinoid Tumors
Endocrine System Cancers
Gastrointestinal Cancers
Gynecologic Cancers
Head and Neck Cancers
Leukemia
Lung Cancers
Lymphomas
Myelomas
Pediatric Cancers
Penile Cancer
Prostate Cancer
Sarcomas
Skin Cancers
Testicular Cancer
Thyroid Cancer
Urinary Tract Cancers
OncoLink Vet
Cancer Treatment
Biologic Therapy
Bone Marrow Transplants
Chemotherapy
Clinical Trials
Complementary Medicine
Gene Therapy
General Treatment Concerns
Hormone Therapy
PDT Center
Proton Therapy
Radiation Oncology
Surgical Oncology
Targeted Therapies
Vaccine Therapies
Cancer Support
Caregivers
Hospice Care and Bereavement
Nutrition and Cancer
Sexuality & Fertility
Side Effects
Support
Survivorship
Exercise and Cancer
Cancer Resources
Cancer News
OncoLink University
Nurses' Notes
Conferences
Newly Diagnosed Patients
Causes and Prevention
Legal and Financial Information for Patients
LGBT Resources
NCI Resources
Global Resources
Cancer Resource List
Resources for Young Adults
OncoLink Media Library
OncoLink TV
Book, Music and Video Reviews
Ask the Experts
Brown Bag Chat
Tracy's Corner
About OncoLink
About OncoLink
Giving to OncoLink
Contact Information
Usage Policy
Editorial Board
How to Partner with OncoLink
Link to OncoLink
Mission Statement
